Self-Promotion Sunday: a place to promote your work, projects, or social media accounts

2025.01.26 07:00 AutoModerator Self-Promotion Sunday: a place to promote your work, projects, or social media accounts

Hello bookworms! This is Self-Promotion Sunday, a place where you can promote any of the following:

As a rule, individual self-promotion posts are not allowed on this subreddit, but a weekly post will now be scheduled so you can promote your projects to other bookworms.
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2025.01.26 07:00 SellZealousideal8856 How can i buy netflix subscription in tunisia

How can i buy netflix subscription inside tunisia with tunisian currency.
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2025.01.26 07:00 pvpi- Ask Anything Thread

Use this thread to ask anything at all!
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2025.01.26 07:00 ToxicGamerYT994 Sometimes this game is so unfair to me but the summoner's pack saved it

Sometimes this game is so unfair to me but the summoner's pack saved it submitted by ToxicGamerYT994 to ImmortalGamersMen [link] [comments]

2025.01.26 07:00 lance577h RF LUA script compatibility with GX12?

RF LUA script compatibility with GX12? I ended up getting a GX12 mostly for FPV drones but figured I would try a rotorflight on it as well. Has anyone had any luck getting the RF Lua script working on this yet or is it only intended for the TX16 as of right now? It just keeps saying I'm having a syntax error when I try to load the application.
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2025.01.26 07:00 Ciphy_Master Theme Chronicles has convinced me some players don't know how to resource manage with Lightsworn

These people mill 80% of their deck to end on a board with 1 (mediocre) interruption and 3 cards whose combined effects amount to "dump the rest of your deck into the gy and draw for turn, loser". Their counter trap is their best card and it loses to any form of board breakers.
Mind you Punishment Dragon exists to bounce back all your used up non lightsworn cards to avoid these sorts of situations. I never once seen someone use its effect with the loaner.
I'm not mad. I'm just disappointed.
submitted by Ciphy_Master to masterduel [link] [comments]

2025.01.26 07:00 easyfree_au Best Slow Cooker Appetizers

Creative Slow Cooker Appetizers That Will Impress Your Guests Impressing your guests is easier than you think, especially when you have a slow cooker in your arsenal. It allows you to prepare delicious, creative appetizers that can entice any crowd without requiring you to spend hours in the kitchen. Let’s explore some fantastic slow cooker appetizers that not only taste great but also look appealing on your party table.
Spinach and Artichoke Dip This classic appetizer is always a hit. With a creamy texture and rich flavors, it’s perfect for dipping. To make this dish, you’ll need:

Combine all the ingredients in your slow cooker on low for about two hours. Stir until smooth and serve with tortilla chips or sliced baguette. Your guests won’t be able to resist this delightful and cheesy dip!
Check The Details Here: https://itrendworld.com/best-slow-cooker-appetizers
Meatballs in BBQ Sauce Meatballs are another favorite party food. You can whip up a batch of tasty meatballs in your slow cooker in no time. For this dish, gather the following ingredients:
Mix the ground meat, breadcrumbs, Parmesan, parsley, and egg in a bowl. Form small balls and place them in the slow cooker. Pour the BBQ sauce over the meatballs and cook on low for 4 hours. These bites will be a flavorful addition to your spread!
Check The Details Here: https://itrendworld.com/best-slow-cooker-appetizers
Buffalo Chicken Dip If you love spicy dishes, Buffalo chicken dip is the perfect choice. It’s creamy, spicy, and incredibly satisfying. Here’s what you’ll need:
Mix all the ingredients in your slow cooker. Cook on low for about two hours, stirring occasionally to achieve a smooth consistency. Serve with celery sticks and tortilla chips for a perfect balance of heat!
Check The Details Here: https://itrendworld.com/best-slow-cooker-appetizers
Stuffed Peppers Go for a healthier option with slow cooker stuffed peppers. These are fun to make and allow for a colorful presentation on your appetizer table. Here’s how to prepare them:
Cut the tops off the bell peppers and remove the seeds. In a bowl, combine the cooked rice, ground meat, diced tomatoes, and seasonings. Stuff the mixture into the peppers and place them in the slow cooker. Cook on low for 6 hours. These vibrant appetizers are sure to grab attention!
Check The Details Here: https://itrendworld.com/best-slow-cooker-appetizers
Cheesy Corn Dip For a twist on traditional dips, try cheesy corn dip. It’s creamy, cheesy, and oh-so-tasty! Gather your ingredients:
Mix everything in your slow cooker and cook on low for about two hours, stirring occasionally. This dip pairs wonderfully with tortilla chips and is sure to be a crowd-pleaser.
Check The Details Here: https://itrendworld.com/best-slow-cooker-appetizers
With these creative slow cooker appetizers, you can easily impress your guests at any gathering. From dips to stuffed peppers, there’s something here for everyone. Enjoy your cooking adventure and watch as your friends and family rave about the delicious flavors you’ve brought to the table!
Tips for Perfecting Your Slow Cooker Appetizer Recipes Creating mouthwatering slow cooker appetizers that impress your guests can be straightforward and fun. With a little know-how, you can make dishes that are bursting with flavor and easy to serve. Here are some tips to help you perfect your slow cooker appetizer recipes.
Choose the Right Ingredients Your ingredients set the foundation for your dish. Pick fresh, high-quality items whenever possible. Here are some suggestions:
Check The Details Here: https://itrendworld.com/best-slow-cooker-appetizers
Layer Your Flavors One secret to great slow cooker appetizers is layering flavors. Start by sautéing onions and garlic in a pan before adding them to your slow cooker. This method enhances the taste dramatically. Don't forget to:
Pay Attention to Cooking Times Timing is crucial to ensuring your appetizers are cooked to perfection. Overcooking can lead to mushy textures and loss of flavor. Here are some timing tips:
Check The Details Here: https://itrendworld.com/best-slow-cooker-appetizers
Don't Skip the Garnishes Garnishing your appetizers not only enhances their look but also adds bursts of flavor. Always keep some fresh toppings on hand like:
Get Creative with Layers and Combinations Don’t be afraid to experiment with ingredients. Try combining different foods; for example, a mix of cheeses, spices, and meats can create a delicious and unique flavor profile. Consider these combinations:
Check The Details Here: https://itrendworld.com/best-slow-cooker-appetizers
Keep an Eye on Moisture Excess moisture can ruin your appetizer. If your recipe calls for a wet ingredient like salsa or broth, make sure it doesn’t overpower the dish. Here are some tips:
Test and Adapt Every slow cooker functions differently. It’s essential to test your recipes and adjust as needed. Remember:
Check The Details Here: https://itrendworld.com/best-slow-cooker-appetizers
By keeping these tips in mind, you’ll be well on your way to crafting the best slow cooker appetizers that are sure to wow your guests. Enjoy the process, and have fun experimenting!
Conclusion As you explore the world of slow cooker appetizers, remember that creativity is key. With a few innovative ideas, you can wow your guests and set the stage for an unforgettable gathering. Think beyond traditional options and incorporate unique ingredients and flavor combinations that will surprise and delight your friends and family. Whether it's perfectly spiced meatballs, cheesy dips, or vibrant veggie platters, the possibilities are endless.
Perfecting your slow cooker appetizer recipes takes practice, but following some practical tips can ease the process. Invest time in preparing your ingredients ahead of time, which will help you avoid last-minute stress. Always be aware of your cooking times and temperatures, as different slow cookers may vary in performance. To elevate your dishes, consider garnishing with fresh herbs or serving with complementary sides that will enhance the overall presentation.
Check The Details Here: https://itrendworld.com/best-slow-cooker-appetizers
Embracing the slow cooker not only makes hosting easier but also allows for more quality time with your guests. The tantalizing aroma that fills your home as the appetizers cook will create an inviting atmosphere. With so many options to choose from, you'll be able to cater to diverse tastes and dietary preferences seamlessly.
The joy of entertaining lies in the connection you share with your guests over delicious food. So, roll up your sleeves, get creative in your kitchen, and start whipping up those slow cooker appetizers that will leave everyone raving. After all, the best gatherings are the ones filled with laughter, delicious bites, and memorable flavors. Happy cooking!
Check The Details Here: https://itrendworld.com/best-slow-cooker-appetizers
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2025.01.26 07:00 BankThen8376 Goodmorning, buenos días ❤️🙏🏻

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2025.01.26 07:00 Lololoke Newly diagnosed confused

Can someone explain this to me? My numbers have been running high since I started testing. I wake up high, I eat no carbs at breakfast ,post meal I’m high. I had a salad with some chicken numbers are better but still too high. I ate pizza last night around 8 (2pieces). Why when I woke up was my blood sugar the lowest it’s been since I started testing? I don’t understand what spikes and what doesn’t and why. I read books and articles and the answers are all over the place . Anyways anyone got an idea why this happened?
submitted by Lololoke to diabetes_t2 [link] [comments]

2025.01.26 07:00 pvpi- BREAKERS' DAILY DISCUSSION THREAD

Our discord is now live!!! Come on in and start the discussion!!
https://discord.gg/R93VkHy5Af
Check out https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpOrgfKMBl3w_EdLc_pUCqA if you want some entertaining vids about the market. Yes... GME and AMC too, along with other updates!!
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2025.01.26 07:00 BiggTrill83 New Members Intro

If you’re new to the community, introduce yourself!
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2025.01.26 07:00 Outrageous_Rip_9268 filler & breaking her back

filler & breaking her back she was so beautiful before , i rlly loved her old look and now it is very generic like the “ IG latina baddie “ and just the kardashian effect with bbls and new boobs and lying abt it as always . its so obvious she is total plastic ! shiny cold hard plastic .
slide 8 baffled me though because holy shit the bbl is crazyyy i still won’t forget how bodiedbyuchis blocked me and others after i commented saying she has a bbl 🤣🤣😂😂 she’s too insecure sadly don doesn’t give 2 shits and is too busy making out with his next side piece meanwhile baby mama kali has to change her diaper along with baby pooks 😩
submitted by Outrageous_Rip_9268 to KalisAntagonists [link] [comments]

2025.01.26 07:00 bronte10 Cleave

Does cleave/cleaving/cleaved get used A LOT in this series or is it just me? I think if you took a shot for every time 'cleave' is used in just ONE book, you might need your stomach pumped from alcohol poisoning.
Someone should've told SJM to look up synonyms for cleave, I did. Here are some examples: • carve • chop • cut • dissect • hack • sever • tear
That said, ACOTAR is the first fantasy series I've ever read and I'm not finished ACOWAR yet but I'm hooked.(So thankful to the IG reel that convinced me to finally read it.)
When I finish the other books in this series, I want to read another fantasy book/series similar to ACOTAR. If anyone has some recommendations (preferably books with more spice) I'd love to hear them! 🙏
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2025.01.26 07:00 Comprehensive-Chard9 Electronic Intifada's Ali Abunimah arrested in Switzerland

Electronic Intifada's Ali Abunimah arrested in Switzerland submitted by Comprehensive-Chard9 to Switzerland [link] [comments]

2025.01.26 07:00 Faraz_i Does rehab works for 70+ yo?

According to my parents and relatives, my lola is addicted on gambling (sabong) ever since she was a teenager pa po.
Like sa sobrang adik nya halos inaabot na sya ng hating gabi ng uwi or may magsesend ng pic. and magsasabi sa mga tito ko na kakilala nila na umaabot na ng ibang province si lola para lang makapag sabong. And umaabot na sa ninanakawan nya na lahat para lang may pangsabong sya. Kapag wala syang pera sobra syang makapagsalita halos nattrauma na kami.
So last year 3 out of 5 nina mama ay nagdecide na ipa-rehab sya. Unfortunately, ayaw nung bunso nila since matanda na raw si lola which is 70+ na (pero sobrang lakas nya pa for her age) so hindi na naman natuloy.
Kanina lang, pumunta sya dito sa bahay kasi may hinahanap daw sya (binukod na nga pala sya ng bahay since last year kasi sobrang magulo nga nya), ako at si kuya lang natira sa bahay. At first, naghahanap sya nung hinahanap nya and rinig ko sya from labahan namin sa labas.
So nagpakampante ako na naghahanap nga lang sya and then not until wala na kong narinig na naghahanap so dali-dali po akong unakyat sa 2nd floor namin, and then naabutan ko syang pababa ng hagdan sabay sabing “uwi na ako, di ko makita yung hinahanap ko na chichirya. San ko kaya naiwan yon?”. Pagka akyat ko halatang binuklat mga bag. Binilqng ko agad yung pera ko and unfortunately, nakuhanan ako ng 1k na pambayad ko sana sa tuition ko na duedate na bukas. And wala na halos extra yun.
Sobrang nanginginig pa rin ako since di ko pedeng sabihin na nawalan ako kasi for sure ako sisishin ng mga relative ko na hindi ko tinago yung pera.
So ayon, kaya pa kayang iparehab ang ganyung age and how to convince mga boomer na rekatives na ipa-rehab sya?
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2025.01.26 07:00 AutoModerator Weekly Batuu Trip Planning Thread

Are you seeking tips and advice for an upcoming trip to Batuu? Have any other concerns about reservations, RotR Boarding Groups, lightsaber issues, merchandise stock and other general questions about Galaxy's Edge?
Feel free to ask here!
This weekly post is here to help you plan your trip to Batuu and get advice from experienced Travelers in our GalaxysEdge community.
Please remember to indicate which park you're planning to visit in your comment.
Also, make sure to also browse our top stickied FAQ post, for answers and guidance on the most frequently asked questions in the community.
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Want to live chat with other Travelers who have visited Batuu? Join our friends over in the Galaxy's Edge Discord. Click to join!
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2025.01.26 07:00 boycecodd Most GPs say everyday stress is mislabelled as mental illness

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2025.01.26 07:00 Fuck-spez85 N64 prices are getting ridiculous

N64 prices are getting ridiculous submitted by Fuck-spez85 to Shittygamecollecting [link] [comments]

2025.01.26 07:00 AutoModerator Daily Fasting Check-in!

Be sure to check back often as comments get posted throughout the day. Sort comments by "new" to be sure the newer comments get some love as well.
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2025.01.26 07:00 Massive_Duty_6280 can't stop jerking to my sis dm or disc: fahad142142

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2025.01.26 07:00 MujeTeHaakh Profile: Syed Ali Shah Geelani

Profile: Syed Ali Shah Geelani https://preview.redd.it/sopwzf3kdafe1.png?width=2500&format=png&auto=webp&s=86ff71d287501e665bb45fa713f37939f8ec8071
Introduction
Not many Kashmiri Muslims might share his particular hardliner version of Islam or his passionate advocacy of Kashmir’s accession to Pakistan, but, still, 82-year old Syed Ali Shah Geelani commands widespread respect among his people for his firm stance on azadi or freedom of Jammu and Kashmir from Indian rule, a stance that he has never wavered from. Geelani’s popularity among vast numbers of Kashmiri Muslims rests principally in the fact that he is seen as one Kashmiri leader who has never compromised with India, and who has had to face considerable personal privation, including long bouts of imprisonment, for denouncing what he, like many Kashmiris, regard as India’s illegal occupation of Jammu and Kashmir and its violation on a massive scale of human rights in the region. With Kashmir up in flames again, Geelani’s word is now almost law to the intrepid Kashmiri youth out in the streets defying the might of the Indian state with stones. The overwhelming response to his calls for strikes and demonstrations that have rocked the Kashmir Valley for several weeks now in protest against the killing of youths by Indian armed forces clearly indicates that Geelani is back at the centre-stage of Kashmir politics. It would not be an exaggeration to claim that he is regarded by many Kashmiri Muslims as the unparalleled icon of their resistance to Indian rule.
Geelani is one of the few Kashmiri leaders to have written extensively on the Kashmir conflict, authoring over a dozen books (all in Urdu) on different dimensions of the issue.[1] A collection of press statements, letters to Indian and Pakistani Prime Ministers and other leaders (many written during long bouts in various Indian prisons), interviews given to Kashmiri, and, especially, Pakistani journalists, and public addresses, Geelani’s Kashmir: Nava-e Hurriyat(‘Kashmir: Voice of Freedom’) deals with various aspects of the Kashmir issue as he views them. [2]
Based on an analysis of Nava-e Hurriyat, this article lays out Geelani’s understanding of the genesis of the Kashmir conflict, his critique of Indian rule, his advocacy for Kashmir’s accession to Pakistan, his opposition to independence for Jammu and Kashmir or the ‘third option’ his understanding of the relationship between Islam, politics and the state, and his views on jihad, nationalism and inter-community relations within what he deems as the normative Islamic paradigm—all issues very central to the ongoing conflict in and over Jammu and Kashmir. The article also discusses a central paradox: If, as numerous surveys indicate, only a minority, and a diminishing one at that, of the Muslims of Jammu and Kashmir support the state’s accession to Pakistan, why is it that Geelani, who has consistently advocated the state’s merger with Pakistan, continues to be regarded as the icon of the Kashmiri Muslim resistance movement? Related to this is another paradox: If many, if not most, Kashmiri Muslims, do not agree with, or even vehemently oppose, the Islamist version of Islam, as represented by Geelani and the Jamaat-e Islami, what accounts for Geelani’s charismatic appeal among many non-Jamaat Kashmiri Muslims?
https://preview.redd.it/z5tp6lzxdafe1.png?width=896&format=png&auto=webp&s=1d28712bd8a04d88edd7c79713941c0433768e52
Geelani on the Genesis of the Kashmir Conflict
Throughout the book Geelani reminds us that the roots of the Kashmir conflict lie in the Partition of India, when the then Indian princely states, which numbered almost 600, were given the choice of deciding between joining India or Pakistan. In making this decision, the rulers of these states, of which Jammu and Kashmir was one of the largest, were to be guided principally by the wishes of the majority of their subjects, which, in turn, were seen to be determined by their religion. Thus, if the majority of the population of a princely state were Muslim, the state was seen to be rightfully part of Pakistan, while states with a Hindu-majority were to join India. In addition, the decision of these states was also to be determined by other factors, such as geographical contiguity with either India or Pakistan, as the case might be, the direction of the flow of rivers that ran through them, and the presence of routes connecting them with either India or Pakistan. On all these counts, Geelani argues, Jammu and Kashmir ought to have acceded to Pakistan. It had an overwhelming Muslim-majority that enjoyed not just religious, but close historical, economic and cultural ties with the inhabitants of Pakistan. The only land route connecting the state with the outside world throughout the year led to Pakistan. The rivers that passed through the state all flowed into Pakistan. All the factors that needed to be taken into account in determining the princely states. future political status—accession to India or Pakistan—therefore, logically demanded, Geelani stresses, that Jammu and Kashmir join Pakistan. [3] Hence, he writes, India’s repeated claims that the state is an ‘unbreakable part. (atoot ang) of India are without any merit whatsoever. [4]
Further building his argument that Muslim-majority Jammu and Kashmir should have formed part of Pakistan, rather than what he calls ‘Hindu’ India, Geelani claims that Muslims are a community/nation (qaum) wholly separate from the Hindus. He equates India with Hindus, overlooking the fact that India’s Muslim population outnumbers that of Pakistan. He projects Muslims (as he does Hindus) as a monolithic, homogenous community, defined by a singular interpretation of religion, and bereft of cultural, ethnic, and other divisions. He depicts Muslims as radically different from Hindus, and as allegedly having nothing at all in common with them. ‘It is absolutely true’, he wrote in a letter written in 1994 to the then Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, Farooq Abdullah, ‘that the Muslims are a complete separate nation on the basis of their religion, culture, civilisation, customs and practices, and thought. Their nationalism and the foundation of their unity cannot be based on their homeland, race, language, colour or economic system. Rather, the basis of their unity is Islam and Islam alone, and their belief that there is no God but Allah and that Muhammad is Allah’s prophet.’ Hence, he insisted, Hindus and Muslims were ‘two different nations’ [5], implying, possibly, that they were simply incapable of living together amicably. That is why, he argued, the Muslim League had demanded, and had won, a separate Muslim Pakistan based on this ‘two nation theory’. This is also why, he suggested, Muslim-majority Jammu and Kashmir must be a part of Pakistan, rather than India.
With Muslims and Hindus being seen as by definition opposed to each other on virtually every count, Geelani argues that the logic of the ‘two nation theory’, which he claims even Hindu leaders had finally accepted by 1947, demands that Muslim-majority Jammu and Kashmir should become part of Pakistan. On the other hand, he suggests, if the state were to be part of India, it would be tantamount to a virtual apostasy for the Kashmiri Muslims, who would, so he claims, have to give up their nationality, based on Islam, for one based on Indian-ness, which he implicitly equates with Hinduism. Given the underlying Hindu framework on which Indian nationalism is based, Geelani seems to argue, this would result in the Kashmiri Muslims losing their sense of separate identity based on Islam. Accession to India would result, he claims, in the Kashmiri Muslims having to live perpetually under ‘Hindu slavery’.[6]
In order to further reinforce his argument for the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to Pakistan, Geelani indicates what he regards as the inconsistencies, indeed contradictions, in India’s stance on Kashmir by comparing its policy with regard to two other erstwhile princely states in 1947 which, like Jammu and Kashmir, were ruled by princes whose religion was different from that of the majority of their subjects: Hyderabad and Junagadh. Both these states had a Hindu-majority but were under Muslim rulers. Both the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Nawab of Junagadh chose to join Pakistan, but India protested, arguing that this would be a violation of the wishes of the majority of their subjects, who were Hindus, and that, therefore, both the states were logically part of India. With regard to these two states, Geelani points out, India’s claims rested in the argument that the factor of paramount significance in their deciding between India and Pakistan was the religion of the majority of their subjects. That being the case, Geelani contends, India’s claims on Muslim-majority Jammu and Kashmir are illegitimate and clearly contradict the principle it adopted in order to annex Hyderabad and Junagadh. [7]
Challenging the Claim of Kashmir’s Accession to India
Despite what Geelani argues was the compelling case for Jammu and Kashmir joining Pakistan, events dictated otherwise. Geelani’s description of critical events in Jammu and Kashmir in the wake of the Partition provide an interesting and compelling counterpoise to the official Indian narrative, highlighting various aspects that are ignored in the latter in order to build the case for justifying Indian control over Jammu and Kashmir. By excavating numerous developments that are conspicuously absent in the official Indian narrative—the slaughter of tens of thousands of Muslims in Jammu by Hindu mobs, anti-Muslim Hindu chauvinist groups and the Hindu Maharaja’s forces, the perceived Hindu and anti-Muslim nature of the Indian state, the pathetic conditions of India’s Muslims, and India’s refusal to act on its promises to the international community to allow the Kashmiris to determine their own political future—Geelani’s counter-narrative brings out vividly the underlying roots of the pervasive and continuous opposition to Indian rule among many Kashmiri Muslims.
Geelani argues that the ‘Hindu’ rulers of the newly-independent Dominion of India plotted to prevent what he regards as the natural and logical accession of Jammu and Kashmir to Pakistan. To begin with, he writes, they prevailed upon the departing British to have the district of Gurdaspur, in present-day Indian Punjab, to be given to India although it then had a Muslim-majority and, therefore, ought to have become part of Pakistan. The reason for this departure from the logic that informed the partition of the Punjab was, he argues, to provide India land access to Jammu and Kashmir, the road to Jammu leading through Gurdaspur. [8] Then, in July 1947, a month before the Partition, he goes on, the Hindu Maharaja of Jammu, in league with Hindu chauvinist forces, such as the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Hindu Mahasabha, ordered the disarming of all Muslim soldiers and policemen in the state and confiscated all weapons owned by Muslims. The Maharaja, Geelani relates, ‘left no stone unturned in order to suppress and destroy the Muslim-majority in Jammu and Kashmir’. [9] Shortly after, on the orders of the Maharaja, the state’s army, working in tandem with these viscerally anti-Muslim Hindu groups, set about slaughtering Muslims in the Jammu province on a vast scale. In this orgy of violence, tens of thousands of Muslims lost their lives, and many more were forced to flee across the border to Pakistan. Geelani notes that even as this dance of naked violence was taking place in Jammu, calm prevailed in the Muslim-dominated Kashmir Valley, where the small Hindu minority remained unaffected by the horrors of the Partition, being protected by their Muslim neighbours.
Following the disarming of the state’s Muslim population, who, for over a century, had labored under heavy disabilities under Hindu Dogra rule, and the large-scale violence directed against them, Geelani writes, Muslim tribesmen from Pakistan’s northern regions entered Kashmir in order, as he puts it, ‘to save their Kashmiri Muslim brethren’. In contrast to Indian authorities and scholars, who term this as a ‘tribal invasion’ and as having been motivated by the lust for loot and plunder, Geelani describes this armed incursion as a well-meaning response of the tribesmen to the plight of ‘their oppressed Kashmiri Muslim brothers’. [10] Indian accounts focus on widespread destruction wrought by the tribesmen, including rape, robbery and murder, but this is completely absent in Geelani’s account. Presumably, this is too embarrassing for Geelani to admit, or else he considers the Indian account to be false and motivated. Indian accounts portray the tribesmen as having been mobilized, armed and facilitated by the Pakistani army. In contrast, Geelani sees them as spontaneously rushing to the rescue of the beleaguered Kashmiri Muslims. While Indian sources attribute the failure of the tribesmen to capture Srinagar, Kashmir’s capital, to their being diverted by engaging in widespread loot and mayhem, Geelani claims that this was because ‘they were not organised. and that, therefore, ‘their actions were not effective’. [11]
In the wake of the tribal incursion/invasion, Geelani writes, the Maharaja fled Srinagar and headed to Jammu, appealing to India for help. India agreed to do so only if the Maharaja acceded to India. Thereupon, the Maharaja is said to have signed the Instrument of Accession, but whether this actually happened, so Geelani claims, is ‘doubtful’. [12] Even if one supposes that the Instrument of Accession were at all genuine, he says, it was, in any case, ‘conditional’ ‘temporary. and ‘limited’. Even Indian leaders agreed, he relates, that this was a stop-gap measure and that once peace were restored in the state the people of Jammu and Kashmir would be given the right to determine their political future through a free and fair plebiscite. In other words, he contends, the Instrument of Accession did not mean that Jammu and Kashmir had become an integral and permanent part of India. Further, Geelani argues, the Maharaja’s decision to join India did not represent the desire of most Kashmiri Muslims, who, if given the chance, would have opted for Pakistan instead. [13]
Reminding his readers of undeniable historical facts that the Indian establishment might no doubt now find embarrassing, Geelani notes that it was India—and not Pakistan, nor the people of Jammu and Kashmir—that took the Kashmir issue to the United Nations. [14] In late 1948 and then again in early 1949, the UN Security Council passed two resolutions, which were accepted both by India and Pakistan, calling for the settlement of the Kashmir conflict through a free and fair plebiscite in which the people of the state would be allowed to decide for themselves to join either India or Pakistan. Geelani points out that Indian leaders repeatedly issued statements wherein they promised to hold such a plebiscite. He quotes several public statements of India’s first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in this regard, including one in which Nehru is said to have solemnly declared, ‘with the whole world as witness’ that India would uphold its promise to the people of Jammu and Kashmir of allowing a plebiscite to choose between India and Pakistan, and that India ‘would certainly fulfil this promise even if the people voted against India’. If the majority of the people of the state voted against India, Nehru added, India would be saddened but would still accept the peoples. verdict. [15]
Despite this, Geelani notes, in 1954 India’s rulers began singing a different tune, reneging on their promise to the international community to grant the people of Jammu and Kashmir the right to determine their political future through a free and fair plebiscite. In that year, he says, India maneuvered to seek to incorporate Jammu and Kashmir as a part of India and to bring it under what Geelani terms ‘Indian imperialistic control’.[16] This, he says, it sought to do by instigating what he considers the unrepresentative Jammu and Kashmir state assembly (elected, he suggests, through widespread rigging of votes so as to form a pro-India government) to declare the state’s permanent accession to India.[17] Since then, he says, India has used this action as its main argument to justify its control occupation of Jammu and Kashmir.
Contradicting the official Indian stance, Geelani argues that the declaration of permanent accession to India by the state assembly cannot be said to have any validity at all. The state assembly, he claims, was not representative of the people, and in any case it did not have the mandate of the people to make a declaration of this sort. In other words, he contends, this declaration cannot in any sense be a substitute for the plebiscite that the UN Security Council Resolutions call for and that Indian leaders, till 1954, repeatedly promised to hold in the disputed state. [18] Furthermore, Geelani points that according to the 1951 UN Security Council Resolution on Jammu and Kashmir, the state assembly did not possess the power or prerogative to alter the political status of the state, and so its step did not have any validity in international law. He quotes the then Indian representative to the UN, BN Rao as having affirmed before the Security Council in March 1951 that no opinion of the state assembly on the political status of the state of Jammu and Kashmir would impact on the issue of plebiscite in Jammu and Kashmir that India had agreed to hold. [19]
It is for this right of self-determination through plebiscite that what Geelani repeatedly refers to as ‘the people of Jammu and Kashmir. or, simply, ‘the Kashmiri people’ have been consistently demanding ever since 1947. This is something, he says, that the world community, as represented by the UN, and India itself have solemnly promised them. It is also a basic human right, he insists. By continuing to deny the Kashmiris this right, which, Geelani says, is their birth-right and a basic human right, India’s claim of being the ‘world’s largest democracy. is very evidently a complete sham. [20]
  1. I have discussed some of these writings in my essay, ‘For Islam and Kashmir: The Prison Diaries of Sayyed ‘Ali Gilani of the Jama’at-i-Islami of Jammu and Kashmir’, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, vol.18, no.2, 1998, pp.2413-45.
  2. Syed Ali Shah Geelani, Kashmir: Nava-e Hurriyat, Mizan Publications, Srinagar, 1995. The book, written in Urdu, was originally published in Pakistan by the Islamabad-based Institute of Policy Studies, an affiliate of the Jamaat-e Islami of Pakistan.
  3. Ibid., p.61.
  4. Ibid., p.15.
  5. Ibid., p.14.
  6. Ibid., p.13.
  7. Ibid., p.15.
  8. Ibid., p.17.
  9. Ibid., p.16.
  10. Ibid., p.132.
  11. Ibid., p.132.
  12. Ibid., p.61.
  13. Ibid., p.15.
  14. Ibid., p.51.
  15. Ibid., p.66.
  16. Ibid., p.61.
  17. Ibid., p.63.
  18. Ibid., p.108.
  19. Ibid., p.97
  20. Ibid., p.111.
The Militant Path
Geelani repeatedly stresses that the ‘people of Jammu and Kashmir. have, since 1947 onwards, been pressing for India to live up to its promise of arranging for a plebiscite for them to determine their political future on the lines called for by the UN Security Council Resolutions. This, he says, they have been consistently struggling for, using peaceful means of protest, ever since 1947. [21] Groups like his own Jamaat-e Islami, he says, even decided (in the early 1970s) to contest elections for this very purpose so that, as elected representatives, they could forcefully articulate the demand for self-determination and plebiscite. Geelani himself was elected to the state assembly as a candidate from the Muttahida Muslim Mahaz (‘The Muslim United Front.), most recently in 1987. That election, he writes, that proved to be a turning point in the history of the Kashmiri struggle for self-determination. He claims that the Muslim United Front was poised to win the elections by a considerable majority but that this was sabotaged by the Government of India, which feared that it would refuse to toe its line if it came to power. [22]
Geelani repeats a point made by numerous observers—that the widespread rigging of this election in Jammu and Kashmir (as well as all previous ones) and the indiscriminate arrests and brutal treatment of Muslim United Front workers and candidates clearly suggested to the Kashmiris that peaceful methods to win the right to self-determination would never work due to Indian intransigence. Once again, he says, India’s slogans of democracy were exposed as a complete farce. It was now clear to the people of Kashmir, he says, that India would never allow a truly democratically-elected government to come to power in the state, for, he claims, such a government, reflecting the genuine aspirations of the majority of the people of Jammu and Kashmir, would advocate the state’s separation from India. [23] It was then, he says, and faced with no other option, that, in 1989, some Kashmiri youth decided that the time had come to take to the militant path to seek to force India to agree to live up to its promise of allowing the people of Jammu and Kashmir to determine their own political future.
By explicating this background to the launching of the militant struggle in Kashmir, Geelani is careful to point out that it was resorted to more than half a century after 1947, when over five decades of peaceful struggle for the right to self-determination had completely failed. In other words, he suggests, the ongoing militant movement in Kashmir is not at all meaningless violence for its own sake that its Indian critics accuse it to be. Geelani denounces the Indian state’s and media’s description of the militant movement as ‘terrorism’ which, he argues, is a crude means to seek to rob it of its legitimacy and to defame it in the eyes of the world. He charges India with hypocrisy in describing the struggle in Kashmir as ‘terrorism. or ‘communalism’ arguing that it is no different from, and as valid as, India’s struggle for freedom from British rule. In a letter written in 1990 from prison in Naini jail, Allahabad, to Chandrashekar, the then Indian Prime Minister, Geelani stressed:
‘Indians fought the British for the sake of freedom both at the political level and through armed struggle. Gandhi used non-violence and the political platform, while Bhagat Singh and Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose used the path of armed struggle. So, then, how can you [India] deny the Kashmiris the same right and seek to crush them militarily? The British tried to use force to quash the Indian freedom struggle […] but failed and had to leave India. The same will happen to India [in Kashmir]. [24]
Geelani also reminded the Indian Prime Minister that in the years following its independence India had supported numerous liberation struggles for self-determination of oppressed peoples, such as the Palestinians and the black South Africans. It had even intervened militarily to create Bangladesh. [25] How, then, he asked him, could India deny the same right and freedom to the Kashmiris, and crush their struggle through force, indiscriminate killings and widespread violation of human rights? [26] The militant movement in Kashmir, Geelani claims, is not aimed at spreading terror in India, unlike what Indian sources often allege. Rather, he insists, it aims at forcing India to agree to let the people of Jammu and Kashmir decide their own political future. Once that happens, he says, the people of Jammu and Kashmir would be willing to have good neighbourly relations with India. In other words, Geelani points out, the movement is not impelled by a blind, irrational hatred for India (or the Hindus), as is alleged by numerous Indian commentators. But, he repeatedly insists, the armed struggle will carry on till India relents and agrees to act on its promises to the people of Jammu and Kashmir and the international community. No stop-gap or half-way measures, such as more autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir within the ambit Indian Constitution, restoring the pre-1953 status of the state, or elections, he says, can or will lead to the Kashmiris calling off their armed resistance to Indian rule. This can only happen, he says, when they are able to exercise the right to political self-determination through plebiscite as envisaged by the UN Security Resolutions, which India has solemnly promised the international community to allow for. [27] In repeatedly stressing this point, Geelani makes very clear that no amount of economic assistance from India would cause the Kashmiris to weaken their resolve to press India to allow them to determine their own political future. ‘So as long as the rulers in Delhi keep parroting the slogan that [Jammu and Kashmir is] an inseparable part of India,. he stresses, ‘no solution to the Kashmir problem can be found. The only way out is by acting on the UN resolutions, which India itself has accepted’. [28] In a letter to the then newly-elected American President Bill Clinton in 1993, Geelani wrote:
‘As long as the Government of India refuses to accept the basic and inherent right of the 12 million people [of Jammu and Kashmir] to determine their political future and act on the UN Security Council resolutions in this regard, this [militant] movement will continue’. [29]
At the same time as Geelani insists that the people of Jammu and Kashmir be allowed to decide between joining India or Pakistan, he repeatedly stresses that what he terms as the ‘people of the state. would never agree to being with India and would accept no deal brokered between India and Pakistan that legitimizes Indian rule in Jammu and Kashmir. [30]
  1. Ibid., p.49.
  2. Ibid., pp.119-20.
  3. Ibid., p.51.
  4. Ibid., p.49.
  5. Gilani repeatedly bemoans the separation of East Pakistan and the creation of Bangladesh, attributing this to an alleged ‘Indian conspiracy. against Islam, the ‘two-nation theory. and Pakistan. 26 Ibid., p.49.
  6. Ibid., p.172, p. 254.
  7. Ibid., p.54.
  8. Ibid., p.109.
  9. Ibid., p. 178.
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